Jinsh

In addition to serving as a source of energy for the organism, the food stuffs must supply necessary constituents for body growth and the maintenance of cellular integrity. A normal state of nutrition requires the administration of a diet adequate in caloric content as well as one containing sufficient protein, vitamin, and minerals. Following trauma and in many disease states, catabolism is accelerated and it is necessary to supply additional calories in order to avoid the utilization of the patient’s own tissues. An inadequate supply of protein off good quality results in hunger edema and kwashiorkor, disorders common among malnourished populations. [Read the rest of this entry...]

Both monosaccharide and disaccharides traverse the walls of blood and lymph capillaries serious cavities freely by a simple process of diffusion. Their concentrations throughout the extracellular fluid are, therefore, uniform except as the equilibrium may be disturbed in local areas by exchanges of monosaccharide with cells. They traverse the glomerular filter with the same freedom.

From the cells, on the other hand, disaccharides are entirely excluded. The cells of the mammary gland my appear to be an exception to this rule;  but lactose is actually formed in the cells of this gland from glucose or its products and is prevented from escaping into the extracellular fluid and the blood stream unless, from lack of normal drainage  through the nipple, the pressure in the breast becomes excessive. [Read the rest of this entry...]

Since carbohydrate are composed of units consisting of a carbon atom and a molecule of water, one molecule of oxygen will be required to oxidize a unit to CO ₂ and water: C – H₂ O + O₂ = C O2 + H O_2. The molecular respiratory quotient O₂ consumed / CO ₂ produced is therefore 1.00. The combustions of 1 gram of glucose yield about 3.8 kcal, while 1 gm of starch yields 4.1 kcal. The difference arises from the smaller proportional of water in starch.

Sucrose and lactose cannot be utilized at all, and maltose only to a small extent (by the intervention of amylase), by the tissues. If they gain access to the body, therefore, they are quantitatively excreted in the urine, since the traverse, the glomerular filter freely and are not appreciably reabsorbed from the renal tubules. [Read the rest of this entry...]

Glucose, fructose, galactic, and certain pentose are freely absorbed from the intestines and are found in the blood immediately after their absorption. All of them can be detected in the tissues of animals, whether the animals are fed the fasted. In the pat absorptive state, however, glucose alone is found in the Free State in appreciable quantities in blood or tissues. Moreover, the injections and ingestion of any one of the hexodes increase the quantity of glucose or its polymer, glycogen, in the body. This fact indicate these hexodes can be derived from and converted to glucose, which is the form in which carbohydrate is transported and the general medium of exchange in its metabolism. The tissues of the normal animal always contain fructose; but only in the form of esters of phosphoric acid, intermediary [Read the rest of this entry...]