Jinsh

The absorption of food stuffs the caloric content which exceeds that of the energy utilized by the body results in the storage of the excess as fat. The availability of ample supplies of food, habit, gourmanderie, gluttony, and other factors lead to over nutrition, a common consequence of modern life. The available statistical data indicate that the extra metabolic activity associated with the accumulation and sustenance of fatty tissue and the burden on the circulation involved in its vascularization act adversely in so far as the life span is concerned; exert deleterious effects, particularly in cardiovascular disease and diabetes; and may play a part, perhaps, in accelerating such degenerative changes as atherosclerosis. [Read the rest of this entry...]

Under nutrition may result from a great variety of causes. A diet that is in adequate in caloric content, but is of good quality in so far as its composition is concerned, leads only to underweight. In most cases, however, a diet deficient in caloric value is also lacking in essential nutrients.

Malnutrition may result not only from deficiencies of the diet but also from (1) faulty digestion of the food; (2) disorders of the liver and pancreas, discussed in Part IV; (3) increased requirements of the body, as in pregnancy, lactation, hyperthyroidism, etc; or  (4) an increased loss of nutrients, as in glycosuria, albuminuria, diarrhea, etc. [Read the rest of this entry...]

In addition to serving as a source of energy for the organism, the food stuffs must supply necessary constituents for body growth and the maintenance of cellular integrity. A normal state of nutrition requires the administration of a diet adequate in caloric content as well as one containing sufficient protein, vitamin, and minerals. Following trauma and in many disease states, catabolism is accelerated and it is necessary to supply additional calories in order to avoid the utilization of the patient’s own tissues. An inadequate supply of protein off good quality results in hunger edema and kwashiorkor, disorders common among malnourished populations. [Read the rest of this entry...]

Both monosaccharide and disaccharides traverse the walls of blood and lymph capillaries serious cavities freely by a simple process of diffusion. Their concentrations throughout the extracellular fluid are, therefore, uniform except as the equilibrium may be disturbed in local areas by exchanges of monosaccharide with cells. They traverse the glomerular filter with the same freedom.

From the cells, on the other hand, disaccharides are entirely excluded. The cells of the mammary gland my appear to be an exception to this rule;  but lactose is actually formed in the cells of this gland from glucose or its products and is prevented from escaping into the extracellular fluid and the blood stream unless, from lack of normal drainage  through the nipple, the pressure in the breast becomes excessive. [Read the rest of this entry...]